Oral Cancer
Overview
Oral cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that develops in the tissues of the mouth. It can form on the lips, tongue, gums, inner cheeks, the roof or floor of the mouth, or the area just behind the wisdom teeth. While oral cancer can affect anyone, it is more common in people who use tobacco or alcohol, have prolonged sun exposure to the lips, or have certain viral infections such as HPV.
Early detection significantly improves outcomes, but oral cancer is often found at a later stage because early changes can be subtle. Regular dental checkups, self-exams, and prompt evaluation of any new or persistent changes in the mouth are important steps in catching oral cancer early.
Signs & Symptoms
Common signs and symptoms of oral cancer may include:
- A sore or ulcer in the mouth that does not heal
- A lump, thickening, or rough patch in the mouth or on the lip
- Red or white patches inside the mouth
- Pain or difficulty chewing, swallowing, or moving the tongue or jaw
- Numbness of the tongue or other areas of the mouth
- A persistent sore throat or the feeling that something is stuck
- Hoarseness or voice changes
- Unexplained weight loss
- Swelling in the jaw or loose teeth not related to dental issues
These symptoms can be caused by noncancerous conditions, but any persistent change should be evaluated.
Types of Oral Cancer
Oral cancers are classified based on the type of cell where the cancer begins. The most common types include:
Most oral cancers start in the flat, thin squamous cells that line the inside of the mouth. This is the most common form of oral cancer.
A slow-growing subtype of squamous cell carcinoma that appears wart-like. It rarely spreads but can invade surrounding tissue.
These are less common and arise from the small salivary glands located throughout the mouth. Types include adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Rare tumors such as oral melanoma or soft-tissue sarcomas can develop in the mouth. These require specialized treatment approaches.
Treatments & Services
Treatments
Treatment for oral cancer depends on the tumor location, stage, and overall health. A multispecialty team often combines several approaches to ensure the most effective care.
A tailored treatment plan ensures patients receive the safest and most effective therapy for their individual diagnosis. Common treatments include:
Services
People with oral cancers may receive a range of supportive services designed to help manage symptoms, maintain quality of life, and support overall well-being throughout treatment. These may include: