# Myeloma

  **Table of Contents**

 **Table of Contents** [Overview](#section-overview "Overview") [Signs & Symptoms](#section-1446 "Signs & Symptoms") [Causes](#section-1451 "Causes") [Risk Factors](#section-1456 "Risk Factors") [Prevention](#section-1486 "Prevention") [Treatments & Services](#section-1501 "Treatments & Services")

## Overview

Myeloma, most often referred to as multiple myeloma, is an uncommon type of blood cancer that begins in plasma cells, a form of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Plasma cells normally produce antibodies that help the body fight infection, but in multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells grow uncontrollably and crowd out healthy blood cells. These malignant cells often produce an abnormal antibody called M protein, which is a hallmark of the disease and can contribute to kidney problems and other complications. This disruption can lead to bone damage, anemia, and a weakened immune system.

As myeloma progresses, abnormal plasma cells may form tumors within the bones, causing pain, fractures, or other complications.

## Signs & Symptoms

Myeloma symptoms can vary depending on the stage of the disease and which parts of the body are affected. Some people have no symptoms early on, while others may notice gradual changes that worsen over time. It's important to talk with your doctor if you experience persistent or unexplained symptoms. Common signs and symptoms may include:

- Bone pain, especially in the back, ribs, or hips
- Weak or brittle bones that break easily
- Fatigue or weakness caused by anemia
- Frequent infections due to a weakened immune system
- Nausea, constipation, or loss of appetite
- Excessive thirst or confusion related to high calcium levels
- Unexplained weight loss
- Numbness or weakness in the legs, which may indicate spinal involvement

## Causes

The exact cause of myeloma is not fully understood. It begins when healthy plasma cells in the bone marrow develop changes in their DNA. These changes cause the cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, producing abnormal plasma cells that build up in the bone marrow.

Over time, these cancerous plasma cells crowd out normal blood cells and release substances that can damage bones, weaken the immune system, and affect kidney function.

Researchers continue to study what triggers these DNA changes, but certain genetic and environmental factors may increase the risk of developing myeloma.

## Risk Factors

The exact cause of myeloma is unknown, but several factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disease. Having one or more risk factors does not mean you will get myeloma, but awareness can help with early monitoring and care.

- **Age:** Most people diagnosed with myeloma are over 60, and risk increases with age.
- **Gender:** Myeloma occurs slightly more often in men than in women.
- **Race:** African Americans are about twice as likely to develop myeloma compared to other races.
- **Family history:** Having a close relative with myeloma or another plasma cell disorder may increase risk.
- **Personal history of MGUS:** Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a noncancerous condition that can sometimes progress to myeloma.
- **Radiation or chemical exposure:** Long-term exposure to radiation or industrial chemicals such as benzene may increase risk.
- **Obesity:** Being overweight is linked to a higher risk of developing myeloma and other blood cancers.

## Prevention

There is no known way to prevent myeloma, but healthy habits and routine medical care can support early detection and overall wellness.

#####  Avoid tobacco use

Smoking may increase the risk of several cancers, including blood cancers. Quitting supports long-term health.

#####  Maintain a healthy weight

Keeping a balanced diet and regular exercise routine may help lower risk and support immune function.

#####  Limit exposure to harmful chemicals

Avoid unnecessary contact with industrial chemicals, pesticides, or solvents when possible.

#####  Protect yourself from radiation

Minimize exposure to high levels of radiation in both medical and environmental settings.

#####  Schedule regular medical care

Annual wellness visits and blood tests can help identify abnormalities in blood or bone health before symptoms appear.

## Treatments & Services

 Treatment Options

Treatment for myeloma focuses on controlling the growth of abnormal plasma cells, managing symptoms, and maintaining bone and kidney health. The type of treatment depends on the stage of disease, overall health, and individual needs.

[Chemotherapy](/all-treatments-services/chemotherapy)

[Immunotherapy](/all-treatments-services/immunotherapy)

  Services Options

Supportive care plays an important role in managing the effects of myeloma and improving quality of life. These services help patients and families cope with symptoms, side effects, and the emotional aspects of care.

[Medical Oncology](/all-treatments-services/medical-oncology)