# Lymphoma **Table of Contents** **Table of Contents** [Overview](#section-overview "Overview") [Signs & Symptoms](#section-1356 "Signs & Symptoms") [Causes](#section-1361 "Causes") [Risk Factors](#section-1366 "Risk Factors") [Prevention](#section-1401 "Prevention") [Treatments & Services](#section-1416 "Treatments & Services") ## Overview Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system, a vital part of the immune system that helps protect the body from infection and disease. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow. Lymphoma develops when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, begin to grow and multiply abnormally. These cells live longer than they should, which can crowd out healthy immune cells and weaken the body's ability to fight infection. There are two main types of lymphoma: - Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) - Hodgkin lymphoma (formerly called Hodgkin disease) The main difference between the two is the type of lymphocyte involved. Hodgkin lymphoma is defined by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, a specific type of abnormal B cell seen under a microscope. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma includes a broader group of blood cancers that can start in B cells or T cells and often behave differently in how quickly they grow or respond to treatment. ## Signs & Symptoms Lymphoma symptoms can vary depending on the type and where the cancer develops. Some people may not notice symptoms right away, and many early signs can resemble other common illnesses. Specific symptoms can differ between Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Learn more about each type below. **Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma****Hodgkin Lymphoma**Can start in lymph nodes anywhere in the body or organs such as the stomach, intestines, or skinPainless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, chest, or underarms; often begins in lymph nodes of the upper body such as theseSwollen lymph nodes in the neck, underarms, or groinPersistent fatigue or weaknessAbdominal pain, bloating, or feeling of fullnessFever or chillsFever or chillsNight sweatsNight sweatsUnexplained weight lossUnexplained weight lossItchy skinShortness of breath or coughShortness of breath or chest discomfortEasy bruising or bleedingCough that does not go awayAlthough non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas share similar symptoms, they differ in how they develop and respond to treatment. If you notice ongoing or unexplained changes in your health, talk with your doctor. Early diagnosis offers the best chance for effective treatment. ## Causes The exact cause of lymphoma is not fully understood, but it begins when normal lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. These changes cause the cells to grow out of control and live longer than normal, leading to an accumulation of abnormal cells. Because lymphocytes circulate throughout the body, lymphoma can spread from where it begins to other lymph nodes or organs such as the bone marrow, liver, or lungs. As these abnormal cells travel and multiply, they may form new tumors in other areas. ## Risk Factors The exact cause of lymphoma is not fully understood, but several factors may increase a person's risk of developing the disease. Having one or more risk factors does not mean you will get lymphoma, but awareness can help with early detection and monitoring. - **Age:** Risk increases with age. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in older adults, while Hodgkin lymphoma often affects young adults. - **Gender:** Some lymphoma types occur more often in men than women. - **Weakened immune system:** Immune disorders or medications that suppress immunity can raise risk. - **Infections:** Certain viral and bacterial infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HIV, or Helicobacter pylori, have been linked to an increased risk of lymphoma. - **Family history:** Having a close relative with lymphoma may slightly increase risk. - **Chemical or radiation exposure:** Long-term exposure to pesticides, solvents, or radiation can contribute. - **Autoimmune diseases:** Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus may increase risk. - **Previous cancer treatment:** Chemotherapy or radiation for other cancers can elevate risk later in life. ## Prevention There’s no guaranteed way to prevent lymphoma, but healthy habits and regular medical care can help lower risk and support early detection. ##### Avoid tobacco use Smoking may increase the risk of some cancers, including certain lymphomas. Quitting supports your overall health and immune function. ##### Protect your immune system Avoid unnecessary exposure to infections such as HIV or hepatitis viruses and follow medical advice if your immune system is weakened. ##### Limit exposure to harmful chemicals Minimize contact with industrial chemicals, pesticides, and solvents, when possible, as long-term exposure may raise risk. ##### Manage chronic conditions Work with your doctor to manage autoimmune disorders and other long-term health issues that can affect your immune system. ##### Maintain a healthy lifestyle Eat a balanced diet, stay physically active, and maintain a healthy weight to support your immune system and overall wellness. ##### Schedule regular checkups Regular visits with your healthcare provider can help detect changes early and support timely diagnosis and treatment. ## Treatments & Services Treatment Options Lymphoma treatment depends on the type, stage, and individual health factors. Common approaches include: [Chemotherapy](/all-treatments-services/chemotherapy) [Immunotherapy](/all-treatments-services/immunotherapy) Services Options Supportive care services help patients and families manage symptoms, maintain quality of life, and navigate every step of the care process. These may include: [Medical Oncology](/all-treatments-services/medical-oncology)